U.S. IOOS ECONOMIC EVIDENCE

See how ocean data becomes public value.

Explore the evidence behind better decisions at sea and along the coast. Every finding is traceable to its source, review status, and limits.

Read our methodology →

Illustrated ocean observing system showing ships, buoys, autonomous vehicles, marine life, ports, and coastal communities

Evidence snapshotNational hub

151

verified economic evidence records

31distinct sources

8impact domains

9regional partners with data

Live from the Supabase evidence repository

TraceableOriginal source on every claim

ConservativeEconomic activity ≠ attributable benefit

Status-awareDraft and verified evidence stay distinct

Usable nowDraft metrics remain available for exploration

DOCUMENTED VALUE

Different studies. One recurring signal.

These estimates cover different places, years, and methods. They should not be added together—but each shows how better ocean information can change consequential decisions.

01 / 03$217.4M^↗modeled annual benefit

Safer, more efficient port navigation

Estimated across 58 U.S. ports served by NOAA PORTS.

FROM OCEAN TO OUTCOME

Value is created when information changes a decision.

Follow the chain to see where sustained observing becomes practical public value.

Observe

Buoys, radar, gliders, satellites, and field sampling measure changing ocean conditions.

EVIDENCE LANDSCAPE

See where the evidence is taking shape.

Explore current coverage by outcome or regional partner. Longer bars and larger circles represent more evidence records in the live repository.

Evidence by outcome

Regional footprint

Current evidence Collection opportunity

THE SYSTEM BEHIND THE EVIDENCE

Ocean intelligence starts with observation.

IOOS connects regional observing networks, forecasting tools, and people making consequential decisions.

Map of the MARACOOS coverage area from Massachusetts to North Carolina and offshore in the Mid-Atlantic — REGIONAL FOCUSMARACOOS connects the Mid-Atlantic.
The pilot traces evidence across the regional system while preserving the national IOOS context.

Diagram of drones, saildrones, dropsondes, drifters, floats, and gliders used to improve hurricane prediction — COASTAL HAZARDSMany instruments, one decision system.
Observations become forecasts, warnings, preparedness actions, and ultimately economic consequences.

Diagram of the U.S. Animal Telemetry Network and applications for fisheries, ocean observation, climate adaptation, and conservation — MARINE RESOURCESMovement data supports management.
Telemetry helps connect ocean conditions to fisheries, conservation, climate adaptation, and planning decisions.

REGIONAL PARTNERS

One national commons, grounded in place.

Explore the national evidence base or focus on a regional association and the communities it serves.

START WITH THE DECISION

What kind of value are you looking for?

Browse by outcome, then open a record to inspect the evidence behind it.

NATIONAL EVIDENCE EXPLORER

Claims you can inspect—not just accept

151 evidence records shown

ClaimEvidenceAttributionStatus

coastal ocean economyUnder the study's baseline assumptions and 90% forecast accuracy, modeled annual value exceeded the $1.5 million comparison cost when major HAB events occurred more often than once every seven years.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureFor historically plausible major-event frequencies of once every five to six years, the study's baseline model estimated annual PNW HAB Bulletin value of $1.9-$2.4 million in 2023 dollars at 90% forecast accuracy.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2023ContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthFor the five-county southwest Florida study area, the modeled annual household value of an improved red-tide respiratory forecast was approximately $14.5-$37 million, with a conservative $11.2 million estimate for the basic forecast after excluding potential protest households.^↗Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxic Air: The Economic Value of Improved Forecasts • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthThe study estimated household willingness to pay of roughly $40-$45 per year for higher-accuracy versions of an improved 24-hour red-tide respiratory forecast.^↗Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxic Air: The Economic Value of Improved Forecasts • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureUnder baseline assumptions with HAB events occurring approximately once every 6 years and 85% forecast accuracy, the modeled annual value of the PNW HAB Bulletin to the WA and OR razor clam and Dungeness crab fisheries is approximately $1.6 million (2023$), exceeding the estimated annual operating cost of the Bulletin.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2023ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureAverage annual combined WA and OR Dungeness crab landing revenues were approximately $129 million (2023$) over 2000–2020, representing the baseline sector value at risk from HAB events that the PNW HAB Bulletin is designed to protect.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureHistorical major HAB events in WA and OR caused an average 30.7% reduction in Dungeness crab landing revenues relative to decadal non-HAB means, representing approximately $44 million in annual lost revenue used as the model baseline for estimating HAB Bulletin benefits.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe estimated annual operating cost of the PNW HAB Bulletin is approximately $1.2–1.5 million per year, encompassing HAB sampling, modeling (including LiveOcean), instrument operation (HF radar, Environmental Sample Processors), and outreach, per cost estimates cited from Vance et al. 2019.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2019ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe PNW HAB Bulletin demonstrated an accuracy detection probability of 91.7% for HAB events from 2017 to 2022, per McCabe et al. (2023), supporting the model assumptions used in this study's VOI calculations.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2023ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe combined annual baseline value of the recreational razor clam fishery in WA and OR averaged approximately $192 million per year (2023$) over 2000–2020, representing the scale of economic activity supported by HAB-safe fishery operations that the PNW HAB Bulletin helps protect.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2023ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureA full-season closure of the WA recreational razor clam fishery was estimated to cause approximately $29 million in sales impact and $10.6 million in labor income impact (2008$) for two WA counties, illustrating the economic losses that HAB forecast information helps to prevent.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2007ContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthA stated-preference choice experiment estimated that southwest Florida households would pay about $17 per year for even the basic version of an improved 24-hour red-tide respiratory forecast.^↗Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxic Air: The Economic Value of Improved Forecasts • 2023ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe study attributed up to half of observed reductions in allision, collision, and grounding rates at evaluated locations to PORTS installations.^↗Allisions, Collisions and Groundings: Estimating the Impact of the Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS(R)) on Accident Reduction • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe study estimated that PORTS installations in place through 2016 generated nearly $21 million per year in gross accident-reduction benefits.^↗Allisions, Collisions and Groundings: Estimating the Impact of the Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS(R)) on Accident Reduction • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationExisting PORTS installations were estimated to produce about $180 million in present-value gross accident-reduction savings over a ten-year instrument life.^↗Allisions, Collisions and Groundings: Estimating the Impact of the Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS(R)) on Accident Reduction • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe study estimated that extending PORTS to 23 additional economically justifiable ports could yield up to $10 million in annual gross accident-reduction savings.^↗Allisions, Collisions and Groundings: Estimating the Impact of the Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS(R)) on Accident Reduction • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe study estimated more than $84 million in ten-year present-value gross savings from expanding PORTS to 23 additional ports.^↗Allisions, Collisions and Groundings: Estimating the Impact of the Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS(R)) on Accident Reduction • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationA NOAA Precision Navigation demonstration at Los Angeles/Long Beach supported an increase in the permitted maximum tanker draft from 65 to 69 feet.^↗New NOAA precision navigation program increases safety, efficiency for maritime commerce • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA reported that each additional foot of safe tanker draft at Los Angeles/Long Beach represented about $2 million in additional product per transit.^↗New NOAA precision navigation program increases safety, efficiency for maritime commerce • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA estimated that the increased draft allowance enabled by its Los Angeles/Long Beach Precision Navigation demonstration reduced lightering costs by about $10 million per year.^↗New NOAA precision navigation program increases safety, efficiency for maritime commerce • 2018ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyBy 2010, IOOS supported standardized national delivery of hourly surface-current data from more than 100 HF radars operated by 30 institutions.^↗The Integrated Ocean Observing System High-Frequency Radar Network: Status and Local, Regional, and National Applications • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarA Mid-Atlantic SAROPS comparison reported a two-thirds smaller search area after 96 hours when HF radar data were used, and the data entered operational Coast Guard planning in May 2009.^↗The Integrated Ocean Observing System High-Frequency Radar Network: Status and Local, Regional, and National Applications • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceDuring the 2007 Cosco Busan spill, HF radar trajectories closely matched observed shoreline oil locations and correctly indicated that oil entering the Gulf of the Farallones would not beach there.^↗The Integrated Ocean Observing System High-Frequency Radar Network: Status and Local, Regional, and National Applications • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceIOOS-delivered Gulf HF radar data supported daily NOAA spill-response operations for the Deepwater Horizon event through at least August 2010.^↗The Integrated Ocean Observing System High-Frequency Radar Network: Status and Local, Regional, and National Applications • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthDuring the 2006 Hyperion outfall diversion, real-time HF radar currents were used to adapt the sampling grid for tracking an approximately 800-million-gallon treated-wastewater plume.^↗The Integrated Ocean Observing System High-Frequency Radar Network: Status and Local, Regional, and National Applications • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA estimated that PORTS installations serving 58 major ports generated about $217.4 million in annual benefits in 2010 dollars.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe NOAA study estimated a ten-year present value of about $1.779 billion for benefits from the 58 PORTS-served ports existing in 2010.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA estimated approximately $82.6 million in additional annual benefits from expanding PORTS to 117 major ports not served in 2010.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe study estimated that universal PORTS coverage across the top 175 U.S. ports could provide about $300 million annually in 2010-dollar benefits.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA?s preferred method estimated about $119.65 million per year in cargo-capacity benefits at the 58 PORTS-served ports existing in 2010.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe NOAA assessment estimated approximately $76.4 million annually in reduced commercial-vessel transit-delay benefits from PORTS existing in 2010.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceNOAA estimated about $3.5 million annually in oil-pollution-remediation benefits from PORTS installations existing in 2010.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA estimated approximately $5.2 million annually in avoided commercial-marine-accident property damage attributable to the PORTS network existing in 2010.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe NOAA assessment estimated approximately $11.8 million annually in morbidity-and-mortality benefits from reduced commercial marine accidents at PORTS-served locations.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe NOAA scoping study reported a 59% reduction in grounding rates and a 33% reduction in overall commercial marine accident rates associated with PORTS locations.^↗Scoping Study to Assess the Value of the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System to the U.S. Economy • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarRutgers reports that studies of measured HF-radar surface currents found Coast Guard search areas about three times smaller than when global ocean models were used.^↗Ocean Surface Current Radar • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarRutgers estimates that Coast Guard use of MARACOOS surface-current products saves approximately $16 million per year in search costs.^↗Ocean Surface Current Radar • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarRutgers reports that the Coast Guard handled 2,700 SAR cases in the MARACOOS region in 2014 and spent approximately $8 million on search activity.^↗Ocean Surface Current Radar • 2014ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyIn 2010, the peer-reviewed MARCOOS network description reported 27 HF-radar sites and consistent operational coverage from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.^↗Operation and Application of a Regional High-Frequency Radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarA MARCOOS validation comparison found that optimal interpolation raised drifter-comparison coverage from 53% to 65% with about a 1–2 cm/s RMS uncertainty increase, supporting its selection for operational SAROPS delivery.^↗Operation and Application of a Regional High-Frequency Radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarIn a four-day MARCOOS SAROPS case study, HF-radar currents produced a 12,000 km² search area versus 36,000 km² with HYCOM—a two-thirds reduction—and the HF-radar area was centered on the actual drifter.^↗Operation and Application of a Regional High-Frequency Radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe paper demonstrated a MARCOOS HF-radar application for summer-flounder management research, finding common transport endpoints and a 3–5 week transport timescale across three spawning regions.^↗Operation and Application of a Regional High-Frequency Radar Network in the Mid-Atlantic Bight • 2010ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyAs of the 2024 publication, MARACOOS reported operating 38 real-time HF radars and supplying surface-current measurements to the U.S. Coast Guard continuously since May 2009.^↗Real-time quality assurance and quality control for a high frequency radar network • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarThe paper found that extra QC tests did not uniformly improve current accuracy: one ideal-radial comparison improved RMS error about 4% while losing 9% of data, but the measured-radial comparison slightly worsened.^↗Real-time quality assurance and quality control for a high frequency radar network • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarAdditional MARACOOS QA/QC improved or preserved six-hour drifter-track skill in seven of eight reported cases, including a rise from 0.21 to 0.47 for one Outer Banks drifter.^↗Real-time quality assurance and quality control for a high frequency radar network • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyMARACOOS frames its New Jersey observing services within a coastal tourism economy of more than 120 million annual visitors and nearly 50,000 jobs, with tourism exceeding 85% of coastal-county marine economic activity.^↗MARACOOS in New Jersey • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarMARACOOS reports that its HF-radar surface-current network can reduce Coast Guard search areas by two-thirds.^↗MARACOOS in New Jersey • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe New Jersey program page documents two observing-to-forecast pathways: hurricane-glider data used in model improvement and hydrodynamic/wave modeling intended to improve local flood forecasts.^↗MARACOOS in New Jersey • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyThe SCCOOS page describes a joint 62-radar California network with hourly surface-current products at 6 km, 2 km, and—within San Francisco Bay—500 m resolution.^↗High Frequency Radar • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarSCCOOS reports restoring enhanced local HF-radar coverage within 24 hours of the 2015 Refugio spill and delivering currents used in operational forecasts and damage assessment.^↗High Frequency Radar • 2015ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationA SCCOOS user example links its wind and surface-current products to a race-winning route that finished 1.5 hours ahead of the next boat in its category.^↗High Frequency Radar • 2008ContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthSCCOOS documents use of HF-radar currents for pollution-plume forecasting, beach-safety decisions, discharge management, and wastewater-spill cleanup targeting.^↗High Frequency Radar • 2007ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe California HF-radar program supports MPA monitoring, fish-egg transport analysis, and HAB tracking across ecosystem and fisheries applications.^↗High Frequency Radar • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceIntegrated MARACOOS observations documented that most Mid-Atlantic shelf cooling during Irene occurred before eye passage, including 3.8–6.3 °C at buoys and 5.1 °C at the glider.^↗Stratified coastal ocean interactions with tropical cyclones • 2016ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceObservation-informed cold coastal SSTs corrected a material Hurricane Irene intensity bias in simulations, changing landfall pressure by 7–8 hPa and maximum winds by more than 5 m/s relative to warm-SST runs.^↗Stratified coastal ocean interactions with tropical cyclones • 2016ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe study found the pre-eye cooling mechanism in all 11 qualifying Mid-Atlantic storms from 1985–2015, averaging 2.7 ± 1.3 °C and 73% of in-storm cooling.^↗Stratified coastal ocean interactions with tropical cyclones • 2016ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyThe Irene study demonstrates how sustained MARACOOS HF-radar and glider observations can be integrated to diagnose a coastal air–sea feedback that standard open-ocean forecast approaches missed.^↗Stratified coastal ocean interactions with tropical cyclones • 2016ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyThe multi-region U.S. hurricane-glider program scaled to more than 280 deployments, nearly 600,000 profiles, and 13,000 glider-days during 2018–2021, sampling more than 30 Atlantic cyclones.^↗Uncrewed Ocean Gliders and Saildrones Support Hurricane Forecasting and Research • 2021ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe article documents an operational observing-to-forecast pathway in which IOOS DAC glider profiles reach NOAA models through the Global Telecommunication System in real time.^↗Uncrewed Ocean Gliders and Saildrones Support Hurricane Forecasting and Research • 2021ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceA cited Hurricane Maria study found gliders delivered the largest local intensity-forecast error reduction among the tested in situ ocean observing platforms.^↗Uncrewed Ocean Gliders and Saildrones Support Hurricane Forecasting and Research • 2021ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyThe 2021 NOAA mission demonstrated five real-time uncrewed surface platforms operating in Atlantic hurricane conditions, including direct measurements of 56 m/s winds and 14 m waves in Category 4 Hurricane Sam.^↗Uncrewed Ocean Gliders and Saildrones Support Hurricane Forecasting and Research • 2021ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceFor Hurricane Gonzalo, assimilating CARICOOS glider profiles reduced local tropical cyclone heat-potential error from 31% to 6% and captured a 20 m salinity-driven barrier layer absent without glider data.^↗Impact of Assimilating Underwater Glider Data on Hurricane Gonzalo (2014) Forecasts • 2017ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceAssimilated glider profiles materially reduced 48-hour upper-ocean temperature and salinity errors near Hurricane Gonzalo, with the all-observation experiment performing best.^↗Impact of Assimilating Underwater Glider Data on Hurricane Gonzalo (2014) Forecasts • 2017ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceIn the Gonzalo case, gliders added a modest incremental improvement when combined with broad standard observations, but glider data alone did not significantly improve intensity.^↗Impact of Assimilating Underwater Glider Data on Hurricane Gonzalo (2014) Forecasts • 2017ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarThe IOOS Association reports that adding high-frequency-radar surface-current data to search-and-rescue models has been shown to reduce a search area by 66%.^↗Maritime Safety & Homeland Security • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarA retired U.S. Coast Guard SAR oceanographer states that SAROPS uses real-time IOOS surface-current products across all major U.S. coastal regions and the Great Lakes to predict survivor drift.^↗Maritime Safety & Homeland Security • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe Southern California Marine Exchange reports that SCCOOS buoy and wave-model data are critical inputs to an under-keel-clearance project used to improve tanker safety and operating efficiency at major West Coast ports.^↗Maritime Safety & Homeland Security • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationColumbia River Bar Pilots report using the NANOOS portal to compare forecasts, real-time buoy data, and wave and current models when deciding safe vessel-crossing times.^↗Maritime Safety & Homeland Security • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureA Northern Mariana Islands fishing stakeholder reports relying on PacIOOS wave observations and forecasts for event go/no-go decisions and identifies swell angle and roughly 0.5 ft of wave-height difference as potentially safety-critical.^↗Maritime Safety & Homeland Security • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceIn the Hurricane Nicholas case, the P2M framework generated a single-lead flood-depth map in 4 seconds on one CPU core versus 16 minutes on 480 cores for a six-hour numerical-model run, a reported 115,200-fold CPU-time efficiency gain.^↗A machine learning-based prediction-to-map framework for rapid and accurate spatial flood prediction • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceFor Hurricane Nicholas, P2M's one- to six-hour maps closely reproduced the numerical model across the study area (NSE >0.98; RMSE 0.26–0.29 m), with average peak depths 0.15–0.24 m higher.^↗A machine learning-based prediction-to-map framework for rapid and accurate spatial flood prediction • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceAgainst observations at two withheld locations during Hurricane Nicholas, P2M reduced RMSE by 0.10 m and 0.09 m relative to the numerical model; R² improved by 0.06 at one site and was unchanged at the other.^↗A machine learning-based prediction-to-map framework for rapid and accurate spatial flood prediction • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe demonstrated P2M configuration used ten years of hourly NOAA/USGS observations and produced evaluated one- to six-hour forecasts; uncertainty increased substantially beyond six hours.^↗A machine learning-based prediction-to-map framework for rapid and accurate spatial flood prediction • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceAn LSU promotional article claims a four-second laptop runtime for a 72-hour flood simulation versus 15 minutes on a supercomputer.^↗LSU's near-instant flood predictions could save lives • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceLSU's promotional article claims 20–40% greater water-level prediction accuracy than traditional methods.^↗LSU's near-instant flood predictions could save lives • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe LSU article identifies infrastructure control and emergency-resource dispatch as prospective decision uses for rapid flood forecasts.^↗LSU's near-instant flood predictions could save lives • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe IOOS-led 2025 hurricane campaign coordinated 79 missions totaling 3,932 glider-days across the principal U.S. tropical-cyclone basins.^↗Hurricane Glider Coordination: A 2025 Retrospective • 2026ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceMore than 90,000 glider temperature/salinity profiles moved through the IOOS GDAC and NOAA NDBC in 2025 for use in NOAA models.^↗Hurricane Glider Coordination: A 2025 Retrospective • 2026ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe Navy contributed nine gliders, 954 glider-days, and 9,459 profiles to the 2025 Atlantic campaign, while NOAA IOOS reports Navy platforms typically supply about 20% of seasonal Atlantic profiles.^↗Hurricane Glider Coordination: A 2025 Retrospective • 2026ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceDuring rapidly intensifying Hurricane Erin, observations from three gliders near Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands entered NOAA modeling systems and were used by the NHC to inform forecasts.^↗Hurricane Glider Coordination: A 2025 Retrospective • 2026ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceNOAA IOOS reports that Rutgers comparisons found glider assimilation improved RTOFS temperature and salinity fields and informed motivation for the RTOFS 2.5 upgrade.^↗Hurricane Glider Coordination: A 2025 Retrospective • 2026ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceNOAA IOOS summarizes selected studies as showing up to 30–50% improvement in hurricane-intensity prediction accuracy from ocean observations including gliders.^↗Hurricane Glider Coordination: A 2025 Retrospective • 2026ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resiliencePacIOOS provides an hourly updated, six-day wave-run-up forecast for 12 West Maui shoreline regions to support advance planning for flooding and erosion.^↗Wave Run-Up Forecast: West Maui, Hawaiʻi • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThe operational West Maui system downscales global and regional forecasts to an 8 m × 12 m BOSZ grid, using 42 offshore boundary points to represent spatially variable run-up across 12 regions.^↗Wave Run-Up Forecast: West Maui, Hawaiʻi • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resiliencePacIOOS reports close spectral and coherence agreement between BOSZ output and field observations for two selected 2018–2019 Kahana wave events.^↗Wave Run-Up Forecast: West Maui, Hawaiʻi • 2019ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resiliencePacIOOS translates West Maui run-up forecasts into three local impact categories, supported by historical/citizen photographs and optional threshold notifications.^↗Wave Run-Up Forecast: West Maui, Hawaiʻi • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceNOAA reports that IOOS-supported HF radars and gliders used in the Hurricane Maria response functioned as expected throughout the storm.^↗Hurricane Maria: NOS Fiscal Year 2017 Year in Review • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceA CARICOOS buoy displaced by Hurricane Maria continued transmitting and was recovered 420 nautical miles from its mooring location.^↗Hurricane Maria: NOS Fiscal Year 2017 Year in Review • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceAn IOOS Modeling Testbed configuration supplied reef-island surge and inundation forecast information that NHC shared with FEMA for Hurricane Maria response preparation.^↗Hurricane Maria: NOS Fiscal Year 2017 Year in Review • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceDuring the 2017 response period, Puerto Rico was added to the national storm-surge hazard-map capability, enabling four- to seven-day hurricane-impact forecasts.^↗Hurricane Maria: NOS Fiscal Year 2017 Year in Review • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA emergency hydrography identified submerged containers and shoaling and supported post-Maria port-reopening decisions in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.^↗Hurricane Maria: NOS Fiscal Year 2017 Year in Review • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceNOAA posted more than 12,000 post-Maria images covering over 1,500 km² within hours for response and recovery uses.^↗Hurricane Maria: NOS Fiscal Year 2017 Year in Review • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyIn 2000, the NOAA/ONR panel anticipated incremental federal ISOOS costs rising from roughly $30 million to $100 million per year, while stressing that system requirements and total downstream costs were not yet well defined.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyStudies summarized by the 2000 panel placed the potential annual value of ENSO information to U.S. agriculture in the hundreds of millions of dollars, but the estimates may overlap and are not incremental ISOOS benefits.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyA study summarized by the panel estimated a 13%-26% real internal rate of return for TOGA/ENSO observing investments from agricultural benefits alone, above the cited 7% federal hurdle rate.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureA fishery-management study summarized by the panel estimated more than $1 million per year in net benefits, nearly 10% of landed value, from ENSO-informed management of one small northwestern Coho fishery.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationThe 2000 panel reported broad commercial use of weather routing and cited an estimate of roughly $300 million per year in transportation-cost savings from those services.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyPreliminary work summarized by the panel placed the potential annual value of improved marine forecasts to recreational boaters in the tens of millions of dollars.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarA preliminary coastal-forecast analysis summarized by the panel estimated that an approximately 1% improvement in U.S. search efficiency could yield more than $100 million per year in life and property benefits.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyThe report documents a large beach-recreation value base that improved coastal information could help protect, but it does not quantify the share attributable to better observations or shorter closures.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceOlder climate-policy studies summarized by the panel show that resolving major climate uncertainties earlier can have very large modeled value, but the report does not estimate how much ISOOS would contribute to that information.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyThe report's central economic rationale is that a sustained integrated observing system is unlikely to be privately financed at the socially valuable scale because its benefits are networked, uncertain, widely shared, and often non-excludable.^↗The Economics of Sustained Ocean Observations: Benefits and Rationale for Public Funding • 2000ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyA cited transition plan estimated about $1.225 million per year for the PNW HAB warning system, including $80,000 for high-frequency radar; the economic model conservatively compared benefits with $1.5 million per year.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe study estimated an average annual economic-activity base of $191.9 million in 2023 dollars across the two modeled Pacific Northwest fisheries.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe model used a $100.1 million large-HAB loss base and assumed forecast-informed responses mitigate 15% of that loss, with false responses costing 2% of no-HAB fishery value.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthThe Bulletin was integrated into state sampling and harvest decisions, with four to eight seasonal assessments and a cited 91.7% detection probability for 2017-2022.^↗Assessing the value of harmful algal bloom forecasts in the Pacific Northwest • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarCoast Guard and IOOS officials reported that adding HF-radar currents to SAROPS assessments could reduce modeled search areas by 66%.^↗Coast Guard Adopts a High-Frequency Solution • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarIOOS/NOAA HF-radar currents were used in the Coast Guard's Bounty search during Sandy, in which 14 of 16 crewmembers were rescued.^↗Coast Guard Adopts a High-Frequency Solution • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceDuring Sandy, more than 40 IOOS-partner HF radars and complementary Mid-Atlantic observations fed forecast and situational-awareness products used by the National Hurricane Center.^↗Coast Guard Adopts a High-Frequency Solution • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceThree Gulf Coast HF radars supplied operational surface-current checks for Deepwater Horizon spill-transport modeling.^↗Coast Guard Adopts a High-Frequency Solution • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

ocean technologyAs of 2013, officials described a 132-site IOOS-partner HF-radar network covering more than half of the U.S. EEZ and potentially producing about 60,000 current observations per hour when fully integrated.^↗Coast Guard Adopts a High-Frequency Solution • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

otherDHS projects adapted coastal HF radar for tracking large metallic vessels and fusing those tracks with AIS, while the method was ineffective for small fiberglass or wooden boats.^↗Coast Guard Adopts a High-Frequency Solution • 2013ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyRutgers reports that Mid-Atlantic ports handle 25% of U.S. waterborne commerce, providing context for the maritime activity that MARACOOS information helps support.^↗MARACOOS Supporting Maritime Commerce and Safety • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarThe U.S. Coast Guard uses Rutgers Doppio surface-current predictions to support search-target trajectory planning in the Mid-Atlantic Bight.^↗MARACOOS Supporting Maritime Commerce and Safety • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarMARACOOS HF-radar observations have supplied Coast Guard search planning since May 2009 and feed 24-hour Mid-Atlantic surface-current predictions.^↗MARACOOS Supporting Maritime Commerce and Safety • 2009ContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA National Ocean Service uses HF-radar observations to enhance PORTS navigation products in New York Harbor and Chesapeake Bay.^↗MARACOOS Supporting Maritime Commerce and Safety • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceNational Weather Service forecast offices use MARACOOS-related data in AWIPS2 and nearshore wave-prediction systems.^↗MARACOOS Supporting Maritime Commerce and Safety • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationA NOAA and U.S. IOOS partnership made near-real-time HF-radar surface-current observations available to mariners in New York Harbor.^↗Now Online: High Frequency Radar Data Enhances Navigation • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationNOAA reported that its IOOS-partnered HF-radar product complemented PORTS by adding broad spatial surface-current information in New York Harbor and Chesapeake Bay.^↗Now Online: High Frequency Radar Data Enhances Navigation • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureMARACOOS-supported CBEFS provides Chesapeake Bay anglers with nowcasts and five-day forecasts used to plan around low oxygen and harmful algal blooms.^↗Chesapeake Bay Anglers Use CBEFS Forecasts to Avoid Bad Water and Plan Smarter Trips • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureOne Chesapeake Bay charter captain reported using CBEFS hypoxia forecasts to expand his set of alternative client fishing locations from six to nine.^↗Chesapeake Bay Anglers Use CBEFS Forecasts to Avoid Bad Water and Plan Smarter Trips • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureChesapeake Bay anglers reported using CBEFS to change fishing locations and avoid unnecessary travel and fuel use.^↗Chesapeake Bay Anglers Use CBEFS Forecasts to Avoid Bad Water and Plan Smarter Trips • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthCBEFS supports Chesapeake Bay operational decisions involving aquaculture, harmful algal blooms, acidification, and potential sea-nettle impacts on power-plant intakes.^↗Chesapeake Bay Anglers Use CBEFS Forecasts to Avoid Bad Water and Plan Smarter Trips • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyMARACOOS identifies a New York–New Jersey seafood economy exceeding $22 billion in sales, $4.5 billion in income, and 142,000 jobs as context for regional observing needs.^↗MARACOOS in New York • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarMARACOOS reports that six New York HF-radar stations provide real-time currents that can reduce Coast Guard search areas by up to two-thirds.^↗MARACOOS in New York • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthMARACOOS and NYSDEC support continuous water-quality monitoring at 17 Hudson and Mohawk River sites with observations every 15 minutes.^↗MARACOOS in New York • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

coastal hazards resilienceMARACOOS CHARM shares real-time coastal-risk information to support New York preparedness decisions.^↗MARACOOS in New York • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationA 2001 Gulf of Maine scoping study modeled approximately $500,000 in annual vessel-cost savings from a 1% improvement in transit times enabled by better marine information.^↗The Potential Economic Benefits of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems: The Gulf of Maine • 2001ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureThe study used an estimated $4.15 million in combined New England fishery value added per fishing day to illustrate the scale of decisions that better ocean information could affect.^↗The Potential Economic Benefits of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems: The Gulf of Maine • 2001ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureA 2001 study modeled a $4.245 million recreational-fishing value from a hypothetical 1% increase in Gulf of Maine trips associated with better information.^↗The Potential Economic Benefits of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems: The Gulf of Maine • 2001ContextualContextualVerified

emergency response sarThe Gulf of Maine study modeled that a one-percentage-point SAR-effectiveness improvement could correspond to six additional lives saved annually, valued at about $24 million under its assumptions.^↗The Potential Economic Benefits of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems: The Gulf of Maine • 2001ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureROFFS uses satellite, buoy, and other ocean observations to help commercial fishers choose productive areas and avoid unproductive travel.^↗Commercial Fishing Analyses • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureROFFS reports that some Spanish tuna purse-seine clients stopped using helicopter spotting after adopting its fishing analyses.^↗Commercial Fishing Analyses • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

maritime transportationWeatherFlow incorporates U.S. IOOS data into commercial high-resolution weather products.^↗National IOOS Community • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

water quality public healthIOOS and its Regional Associations contribute to the National Water Quality Monitoring Network's integrated coastal and tributary observations.^↗National IOOS Community • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureU.S. IOOS data support the design, monitoring, and assessment of marine protected areas.^↗National IOOS Community • Year not listedContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureCommercial and recreational fisheries generated $5.5 billion in 2022 sales across Mid-Atlantic Council member states.^↗New Infographics Highlight the Value of Mid-Atlantic Fisheries • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

fisheries aquacultureCommercial and recreational fisheries supported nearly 59,000 jobs across Mid-Atlantic Council member states in 2022.^↗New Infographics Highlight the Value of Mid-Atlantic Fisheries • 2025ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyA University of Delaware study reported that Delaware's coastal economy grew five times faster than the rest of the state from 2011 to 2022.^↗University of Delaware & Delaware Sea Grant Coastal Economy Report • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyDelaware coastal industries employed 74,030 people in the state's coastal infrastructure zone in 2022.^↗University of Delaware & Delaware Sea Grant Coastal Economy Report • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyDelaware coastal industries generated $4.1 billion in employee income in 2022.^↗University of Delaware & Delaware Sea Grant Coastal Economy Report • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyDelaware coastal industries generated $14.2 billion in total revenue in 2022.^↗University of Delaware & Delaware Sea Grant Coastal Economy Report • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyThe study estimated that each $100 in Delaware coastal-region revenue supports another $59 statewide, equivalent to $8.3 billion annually.^↗University of Delaware & Delaware Sea Grant Coastal Economy Report • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

coastal ocean economyThe study attributed more than $3.3 billion in annual tax revenue to Delaware coastal activity and its broader economic effects.^↗University of Delaware & Delaware Sea Grant Coastal Economy Report • 2024ContextualContextualVerified

TRANSPARENCY BY DESIGN

A claim is only as useful as its chain of evidence.

01SourceOriginal publication and stable link

02ExtractMetric, context, and precise language

03ReviewEvidence and IOOS attribution scored separately

04UseApproved claim, limits, and report eligibility